Assessment of the soil cover, particularly, determination of pollutant concentrations and analysis of biotic community, is vital in case of soil contamination with oil and petroleum products. For extensive and reliable characterization of the contaminated soil, various diagnostic methods are available. A number of regulatory documents are recommended depending on nature, and intensity of pollution, as well as soil exploitation purposes. Various analytical methods are used worldwide for determination of total content of hydrocarbons. These are gravimetry, fluorescence (luminescence) techniques, infrared spectroscopy and chromatography (gas, high-performance liquid and thin-layer chromatography). Analytical methods rely on different measurement principles and models systems, and use various dimensions. This makes comparative analysis of the data obtained using different methods rather challenging. Biological methods reveal soil conditions, enable tracing any negative processes at early stages, and exhibit high sensitivity and responsiveness to external effects. Oil contamination affects primarily biological parameters: aggregate number of microorganisms, their qualitative composition, structure of microbiocenosis, intensity of biological processes and activity of soil enzymes. Of the various biotest batteries used to assess the condition of contaminated soil, the most common are biotesting (zoo- and phytotoxicity), determination of the intensity of soil respiration, enzyme activity, amount of microorganisms of various physiological groups and so on. Biological activity of soil is closely related to physical and chemical properties, such as humus conditions, structure, acid-base conditions, reduction-oxidation potential etc. The issue of the development of optimum methods for determination and identification of oil and petroleum products in soil remains undecided. Given the fact that contamination with oil results in significant, predominantly unfavorable changes in soil ecosystems, diagnostics of such problems requires integration of available methods to meet the requirements of standards pertaining to biological remediation and allowable concentrations of petroleum contaminants.
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